Isaiah 14:9

“Sheol below is stirred up for you to meet your coming; it rouses for you the shades, all the male goats of the earth; it makes rise from their thrones all the kings of the nations.”

Isaiah 14:9 · direct translation from the Hebrew
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Isaiah 14:9, word by word

Sheolשְׁאוֹלsheol

Sheol

Sheol: in the Old Testament, the place of the dead, the grave, where all go down at death.

Where else “sheol” appears
is stirred upרָגְזָהragza

tremble

For the body or the earth to shake from fear, pain or a very great force.

Where else “ragza” appears
to meetקְרַאתkerat

meet

To go out to greet someone who arrives, in order to receive him.

Where else “kerat” appears
your comingבּוֹאֶboe

come

To come, arrive: "days are coming".

Where else “boe” appears
it rousesעוֹרֵרorer

awake

To rouse from sleep or inactivity; in prayer, to ask God to act.

Where else “orer” appears
the shadesרְפָאִיםrefaim

shades, the dead

The shades: the dead who are in Sheol. Only plural. It is a different word, though spelled the same, from the one that names the ancient people of the Rephaim.

Where else “refaim” appears
the male goatsעַתּוּדֵיatude

leader

A leader or chief, so called after the male that goes before the flock.

Where else “atude” appears
of the earthאָרֶץarets

earth

The whole world, everything under the sky.

Where else “arets” appears
it makes riseהֵקִיםhekim

establish

To put something up, or confirm a covenant.

Where else “hekim” appears
from their thronesכִּסְאוֹתָkisota

throne

Literally "the seat": the king's chair, or YHWH's, from which he rules.

Where else “kisota” appears
the kingsמַלְכֵיmalche

king

A king who rules a people.

Where else “malche” appears
of the nationsגוֹיִםgoyim

Gentiles

The peoples other than Israel.

Where else “goyim” appears

Translation note

“Male goats” (עַתּוּדֵי אָרֶץ): an image of the leaders, who go in front like the male goat in front of the flock.

The context

8Even the cypresses rejoice over you, the cedars of Lebanon: ‘Since you lay down, no woodcutter comes up against us.’

9 · This verse (above)

10All of them will answer and say to you, ‘You too have been made weak as we are; you have become like us.’

Read all of Isaiah 14

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